Passage 1：核磁共振理论

难度评级：二星

题型：heading，多选，句子匹配

Passage 2：大猩猩文化

humans for years, researchers have recognised these resemblances run much deeper than anyone first thought in the latest decade. For instance, the nut cracking observed in the Tai Forest is not a simple

chimpanzee behaviour, but a separate adaptation found only in that particular part of Africa, as well as a trait which is considered to be an expression of chimpanzee culture by biologists. These researchers frequently quote the word culture'to describe elementary animal behaviours, like the regional dialects of different species of songbirds, but it turns out that the rich and varied cultural traditions chimpanzees enjoyed rank secondly in complexity only to human traditions.

During the past two years, the major research group which studies chimpanzees collaborated unprecedentedly and documented some distinct cultural patterns, ranging from animals ' use of tools to their forms of communication and social customs. This emerging picture of chimpanzees affects how human beings ponder upon these amazing creatures. Also, it alters our conception of human uniqueness and shows us the extraordinary ability of our ancient ancestors to create cultures.

Although we know that Homo sapiens and Pan Troglodytes have coexisted for hundre of millennia and their genetic similarities surpass 98 per cent, we still knew next to nothing about chimpanzee behaviour in the wild until 40 years ago. All this began to change in the 1960s when Toshisada Nishida of Kyoto University in Japan and renowned British primatologist Jane Goodall launched their studies of wild chimpanzees at two field sites Tanzania (Goodalls research station at Gombe the first of its kind-is more famous, but Nishida's site at Mahale is the second oldest chimpanzee research site in the world.)

During these primary studies, as the chimpanzees became more and more accustomed to close observation, the remarkable discoveries emerged. Researchers witnessed a variety of unexpected behaviours, ranging from fashioning and using tools, hunting, meat eating, food sharing to lethal fights between members of neighbouring communities.

In 1973, 13 forms of tool use and 8 social activities which appeared to differ between the Gombe chimpanzees and chimpanzee species elsewhere were recorded by Goodall. She speculated that some variations shared what she referred to as acultural origin. But what  exactly did Goodall mean by culture According to the Oxford Encyclopedic English Dictionary, culture is defined as "the customs. and achievements of a particular time or people. 'The diversity of human cultures extends from technological variations to marriage rituals, from culinary habits to myths and legends. Of course. animals do not have myths and legends, but they do share the capacity to pass on behavioural traits from one generation to another, not through their genes but via learning. From biologists view, this  is the fundamental criterion for a cultural trait-something can be learnt by observing the established skills of others and then passed on to following generations.

1.H

2.J

3.I

4.K

5.G

6.NOT GIVEN 

7.TRUE

8.TRUE

9.FALSE

10.FALSE

11.in the 1960s

12.tanzania

13.(close)observation/observers

14.(a)culture origin